{ "schemaVersion": "0.11.0", "canonical": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/", "atlas": "https://www.pystone.net/?node=mental-models-10-psychology#knowledge-atlas", "markdown": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology.md", "context": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology.context.json", "knowledgeVersion": "224c990773de.5fa8af6e39fa", "build": { "siteCommit": "224c990773de166d23a886306577dd90379529ce", "notesCommit": "5fa8af6e39fa3891d1b9b4832bfa6c4e0ecaaf0a", "builtAt": "1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "version": "224c990773de.5fa8af6e39fa" }, "id": "note:mental-models-10-psychology", "slug": "mental-models-10-psychology", "title": "学科10：心理学重要模型", "type": "note", "visibility": "public", "idStability": "rename-stable", "author": { "name": "Perrin Yong", "profile": "https://www.pystone.net/profile/" }, "publisher": { "name": "Perrin Yong", "profile": "https://www.pystone.net/profile/" }, "aliases": [], "summary": "学科10：心理学重要模型", "contentRole": "unspecified", "isMoc": false, "mocRecognition": "none", "generated": false, "attribution": "unspecified", "domain": "90-课程、书籍与通识材料", "tags": [], "mocs": [], "contentHash": "0cd8da1413faf3052ffeec8590ec91017ba1dd4b731061f244e70d5feda5b13d", "assets": [ { "reference": "assets/1641476545039168_Copy_166.png", "url": "/media/29764487ee2fb8ae101b.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "29764487ee2fb8ae101b1bb8b4b80e2303b3d03cf4e07d80219ca8f85cd161b4", "byteLength": 171630, "width": 683, "height": 292 }, { "reference": "assets/1641477040976170_Copy_168.png", "url": "/media/e7ee397da421b24667a7.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "e7ee397da421b24667a7970bbf739263598331408c90dafbbec2c9b762c724ef", "byteLength": 177076, "width": 782, "height": 254 }, { "reference": "assets/1641478593868176_Copy_174.png", "url": "/media/f9fb2b64aa9b95950c0f.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "f9fb2b64aa9b95950c0ffce54535a4906b429c06be3f2a605ed97e1c3da359e3", "byteLength": 87276, "width": 789, "height": 155 }, { "reference": "assets/1641477940211173_Copy_171.png", "url": "/media/4456eeb94450491d4dc7.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "4456eeb94450491d4dc75cba5342f8a77817f7fcb599d402443b4c8ce9e9b1b4", "byteLength": 70206, "width": 872, "height": 229 }, { "reference": "assets/1641478205881174_Copy_172.png", "url": "/media/4dc8635652c40b7c39e9.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "4dc8635652c40b7c39e93e77a79b032fdddc7a271b91b02546573a07b3d36c92", "byteLength": 77447, "width": 604, "height": 331 }, { "reference": "assets/1641478482913175_Copy_173.png", "url": "/media/4e7f41ad25898487a661.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "4e7f41ad25898487a6619482a9bdc7216b78743f694b3273602a1aaa2036d282", "byteLength": 106886, "width": 889, "height": 129 }, { "reference": "assets/1641478864497177_Copy_175.png", "url": "/media/5c85b00da1c51b9d909e.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "5c85b00da1c51b9d909eff82a2d1e7c7e5b9477b64ec826d51c14382bb221768", "byteLength": 137983, "width": 644, "height": 310 }, { "reference": "assets/1641479050479178_Copy_176.png", "url": "/media/ff87acaa9b87cb381500.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "ff87acaa9b87cb38150026072e1c93c9747978fec950677b7189b4f937d7d725", "byteLength": 120990, "width": 640, "height": 312 }, { "reference": "assets/1641479243783180_Copy_178.png", "url": "/media/d0978ea425eae25660ba.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "d0978ea425eae25660ba4fa3b3b3c8b8a7ade77d9f9a3b3cd5aab34ccd52c7a3", "byteLength": 107242, "width": 718, "height": 278 }, { "reference": "assets/1641480352849181_Copy_179.png", "url": "/media/06bf6d371c785b1d0be0.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "06bf6d371c785b1d0be00202b4ae8b47c1cbe2a3ca54541490c124d3df641390", "byteLength": 76363, "width": 448, "height": 404 }, { "reference": "assets/1641480602094182_Copy_180.png", "url": "/media/fe3283d07db015c88fe7.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "fe3283d07db015c88fe7cb58b78e36525cd3df43354290a7d362acbda812cb22", "byteLength": 97189, "width": 758, "height": 180 }, { "reference": "assets/1641480757032183_Copy_181.png", "url": "/media/e0ba69e66baf794e6569.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "e0ba69e66baf794e656990f851b091e979ba2877d0c879a89424c5a10c949e18", "byteLength": 111992, "width": 474, "height": 421 }, { "reference": "assets/1641481730686184_Copy_182.png", "url": "/media/84e0c77197008b8181b6.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "84e0c77197008b8181b65570a624097a9a8aaadfcdabfcae233d255c3fc2a069", "byteLength": 109611, "width": 453, "height": 439 }, { "reference": "assets/1641477299746172_Copy_170.png", "url": "/media/e43c5141e916b04dca33.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "e43c5141e916b04dca33ae990bcf14d15625539f2e6da49bcd7f6e9d74793161", "byteLength": 175589, "width": 285, "height": 409 }, { "reference": "assets/1641479159250179_Copy_177.png", "url": "/media/cf97b4d5c7d34801b54e.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "cf97b4d5c7d34801b54eed05ff04fd92de63b17b79c58849e891cb64a23412fb", "byteLength": 252991, "width": 548, "height": 363 }, { "reference": "assets/1641482648565185_Copy_183.png", "url": "/media/5999e567daafd2aedcc9.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "5999e567daafd2aedcc96d05c87042e7b5a5dbb45714d30870a8b747e837b035", "byteLength": 54214, "width": 560, "height": 356 }, { "reference": "assets/1641483684802189_Copy_187.png", "url": "/media/245aef0b13af795a5652.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "245aef0b13af795a56526201e2daf9a43ef3342d7b2cffd9db951dfb9add5621", "byteLength": 157188, "width": 503, "height": 396 }, { "reference": "assets/1641482968478187_Copy_185.png", "url": "/media/13f4693b056df569b817.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "13f4693b056df569b817d705c038d0afc45a4bc6dbf80e9f0d255f04c5964288", "byteLength": 126006, "width": 303, "height": 385 }, { "reference": "assets/1641482941459186_Copy_184.png", "url": "/media/07510c7b2a3f756401ce.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "07510c7b2a3f756401ce21910730b3f1c8082143de1f14d946abf39f06ce900c", "byteLength": 45367, "width": 195, "height": 311 }, { "reference": "assets/1641483085911188_Copy_186.png", "url": "/media/a7fadb145e5cd256df7c.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "a7fadb145e5cd256df7caec0fdde1c8b912e5e0e857050caeb5bbad120fae435", "byteLength": 72871, "width": 642, "height": 189 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537136960190_Copy_188.png", "url": "/media/c5398c9474216d6e85aa.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "c5398c9474216d6e85aa74fc78bad5911b62715cbd3a66e87b74de3b4fb1fb7c", "byteLength": 86502, "width": 307, "height": 319 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537168951191_Copy_189.png", "url": "/media/e647f5184f3d3606e47d.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "e647f5184f3d3606e47dd855d6db33760dd69d25d778c2071506939c81d26f47", "byteLength": 94410, "width": 221, "height": 302 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537183879192_Copy_190.png", "url": "/media/da1accddb59a4fceeea4.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "da1accddb59a4fceeea412c5c897d8c27da8c96d620c6426b221a973d977e14e", "byteLength": 89085, "width": 223, "height": 309 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537290872193_Copy_191.png", "url": "/media/0ee10034801c631772cc.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "0ee10034801c631772ccf4cd129c29d65aa14a33ff5690007a5c3766eb1e6c8f", "byteLength": 45102, "width": 191, "height": 211 }, { "reference": "assets/1641538036417201_Copy_199.png", "url": "/media/ba9daea8f30fc16ceff4.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "ba9daea8f30fc16ceff473acfd8a99b48b952e11be24ed419b619cac73e5108a", "byteLength": 47485, "width": 422, "height": 366 }, { "reference": "assets/1641538130537202_Copy_200.png", "url": "/media/32193e706a31541dc921.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "32193e706a31541dc9210cbd4dc25fd0df147953abf965f81617d0f8007e6540", "byteLength": 157713, "width": 675, "height": 296 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537323851194_Copy_192.png", "url": "/media/facd7428abb937c07ba4.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "facd7428abb937c07ba451704b069e28b839873009d962067cce2f5c21df3435", "byteLength": 29339, "width": 197, "height": 282 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537412271195_Copy_193.png", "url": "/media/0fc06d83389b147ebf2e.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "0fc06d83389b147ebf2e72c627a29bc5ca6e9ea195acc4d90bf4232f756d20b9", "byteLength": 37878, "width": 145, "height": 146 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537427483196_Copy_194.png", "url": "/media/7ea1a0fba2c0ed587c25.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "7ea1a0fba2c0ed587c259ae3b5fb9db399e4a785404eaf00c7e03f9aa87b124e", "byteLength": 68292, "width": 230, "height": 288 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537477664197_Copy_195.png", "url": "/media/367ff279bcb84c8519c3.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "367ff279bcb84c8519c35b8136441531da3738807def355fd6928f86673aa3ac", "byteLength": 48226, "width": 227, "height": 191 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537490122198_Copy_196.png", "url": "/media/01512238ba4ecdca702e.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "01512238ba4ecdca702e364077b8a109d4e992b3ce50bcc4044af17453831140", "byteLength": 73774, "width": 211, "height": 284 }, { "reference": "assets/1641537576462199_Copy_197.png", "url": "/media/d0ab13e3a2dbf313e57c.png", "mediaType": "image/png", "contentHash": "d0ab13e3a2dbf313e57c113ee3b8a63516126de15b98961a0537001abc8e0306", "byteLength": 55183, "width": 225, "height": 261 } ], "headings": [ { "depth": 1, "text": "学科10：心理学重要模型", "anchor": "学科10心理学重要模型", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%9110%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "心理学分支", "anchor": "心理学分支", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "精神分析学派", "anchor": "精神分析学派", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "原因论：看起来很精彩，但通常对改变自己，并没有什么软用", "anchor": "原因论看起来很精彩但通常对改变自己并没有什么软用", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E8%AE%BA%E7%9C%8B%E8%B5%B7%E6%9D%A5%E5%BE%88%E7%B2%BE%E5%BD%A9%E4%BD%86%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E5%AF%B9%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%98%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E5%B9%B6%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%BD%AF%E7%94%A8" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "别想大象悖论（让你念“别想大象”100遍）", "anchor": "别想大象悖论让你念别想大象100遍", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%88%AB%E6%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%A1%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA%E8%AE%A9%E4%BD%A0%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%AB%E6%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%A1100%E9%81%8D" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "弗洛伊德、荣格、武志红", "anchor": "弗洛伊德荣格武志红", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC%E6%AD%A6%E5%BF%97%E7%BA%A2" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "目的论：自我/个体心理学", "anchor": "目的论自我个体心理学", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BA%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "每一个现在的很多问题之所以会发生，其实是因为它符合你的某种内在目的", "anchor": "每一个现在的很多问题之所以会发生其实是因为它符合你的某种内在目的", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%88%E5%A4%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E4%B9%8B%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%9E%E6%98%AF%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%BA%E5%AE%83%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E4%BD%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%90%E7%A7%8D%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "阿德勒", "anchor": "阿德勒", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "自卑感", "anchor": "自卑感", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%87%AA%E5%8D%91%E6%84%9F" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "普遍性", "anchor": "普遍性", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%80%A7" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "表现", "anchor": "表现", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "产生", "anchor": "产生", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "看待自卑", "anchor": "看待自卑", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%9C%8B%E5%BE%85%E8%87%AA%E5%8D%91" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "行动论：避免与他人的关系中受伤", "anchor": "行动论避免与他人的关系中受伤", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%B8%8E%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%97%E4%BC%A4" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "人生课题模型", "anchor": "人生课题模型", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%BE%E9%A2%98%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "切割人生课题", "anchor": "切割人生课题", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%88%87%E5%89%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%BE%E9%A2%98" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "现代社会被讨厌的合理性", "anchor": "现代社会被讨厌的合理性", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%A8%E5%8E%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "人生课题的归属：最终后果到底由谁承担", "anchor": "人生课题的归属最终后果到底由谁承担", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%BE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E5%90%8E%E6%9E%9C%E5%88%B0%E5%BA%95%E7%94%B1%E8%B0%81%E6%89%BF%E6%8B%85" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "实操性建议", "anchor": "实操性建议", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%AE%9E%E6%93%8D%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "误区", "anchor": "误区", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%AF%AF%E5%8C%BA" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "自我与世界的关系", "anchor": "自我与世界的关系", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "共同体", "anchor": "共同体", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "引用书籍：《自卑与超越》——阿德勒", "anchor": "引用书籍自卑与超越阿德勒", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D%E8%87%AA%E5%8D%91%E4%B8%8E%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "引用书籍：《被讨厌的勇气》——岸见一郎", "anchor": "引用书籍被讨厌的勇气岸见一郎", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%A8%E5%8E%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%87%E6%B0%94%E5%B2%B8%E8%A7%81%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "马斯洛需求层次理论", "anchor": "马斯洛需求层次理论", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%B1%82%E6%AC%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "组成", "anchor": "组成", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "自我实现", "anchor": "自我实现", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "对现实的洞察力", "anchor": "对现实的洞察力", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%AF%B9%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F%E5%8A%9B" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "对现实的接受度", "anchor": "对现实的接受度", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%AF%B9%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%BA%A6" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "以问题为中心", "anchor": "以问题为中心", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%BB%A5%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "独处能力", "anchor": "独处能力", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%8B%AC%E5%A4%84%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "幽默感", "anchor": "幽默感", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E6%84%9F" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "认同辩证统一", "anchor": "认同辩证统一", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "自尊", "anchor": "自尊", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8A" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "归属", "anchor": "归属", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BD%92%E5%B1%9E" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "安全", "anchor": "安全", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "生理", "anchor": "生理", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "传播学中的标题点击吸引力", "anchor": "传播学中的标题点击吸引力", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%87%E9%A2%98%E7%82%B9%E5%87%BB%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "积极心理学", "anchor": "积极心理学", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%A7%AF%E6%9E%81%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "两大巨头", "anchor": "两大巨头", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%B8%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%B4" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "马丁塞利格曼", "anchor": "马丁塞利格曼", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "《真实的幸福》", "anchor": "真实的幸福", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "《活出最乐观的自己》", "anchor": "活出最乐观的自己", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E6%B4%BB%E5%87%BA%E6%9C%80%E4%B9%90%E8%A7%82%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "米哈里.切克僧米哈赖", "anchor": "米哈里切克僧米哈赖", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%88%87%E5%85%8B%E5%83%A7%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E8%B5%96" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "精神熵", "anchor": "精神熵", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%86%B5" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "进入心流的条件", "anchor": "进入心流的条件", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%BF%83%E6%B5%81%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6" }, { "depth": 4, "text": "《心流》", "anchor": "心流", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BF%83%E6%B5%81" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "乔纳森.海特", "anchor": "乔纳森海特", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%B9" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "《象与骑象人》", "anchor": "象与骑象人", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%8E%E9%AA%91%E8%B1%A1%E4%BA%BA" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "本.沙哈尔", "anchor": "本沙哈尔", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E6%9C%AC%E6%B2%99%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "《哈佛幸福课》（视频）", "anchor": "哈佛幸福课视频", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E8%AF%BE%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "彭凯平", "anchor": "彭凯平", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BD%AD%E5%87%AF%E5%B9%B3" }, { "depth": 3, "text": "《活出心花怒放的人生》", "anchor": "活出心花怒放的人生", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E6%B4%BB%E5%87%BA%E5%BF%83%E8%8A%B1%E6%80%92%E6%94%BE%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F" }, { "depth": 2, "text": "引用：《这才是心理学》——基思.斯坦诺维奇", "anchor": "引用这才是心理学基思斯坦诺维奇", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/mental-models-10-psychology/#%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E8%BF%99%E6%89%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E6%80%9D%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" } ], "claims": [], "outgoing": [], "incoming": [ { "id": "note:courses-books-general-knowledge", "title": "课程、书籍与通识材料", "url": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/courses-books-general-knowledge/", "atlas": "https://www.pystone.net/?node=courses-books-general-knowledge#knowledge-atlas", "label": "课程、书籍与通识材料", "origin": "explicit", "humanReviewed": true, "context": "林超通识课/分拆文件中的“学科10：心理学重要模型”导航项", "citation": "https://www.pystone.net/notes/courses-books-general-knowledge/#%E6%9E%97%E8%B6%85%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%86%E8%AF%BE%E5%88%86%E6%8B%86%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6" } ], "contentMarkdown": "学科10：心理学重要模型\n\n# 学科10：心理学重要模型\n\n> [!note] 林超通识课课程笔记\n> 本文整理自《林超通识课》，其中观点归属于课程讲述，不自动代表本站当前结论；涉及财务、心理、健康或人生决策时，应结合可靠来源、反例和个人条件复核。\n## 心理学分支\n\n![](assets/1641476545039168_Copy_166.png)\n\n## 精神分析学派\n\n### 原因论：看起来很精彩，但通常对改变自己，并没有什么软用\n\n比如让你回忆童年的不幸，根本无助于你改变现在和将来\n\n### 别想大象悖论（让你念“别想大象”100遍）\n\n### 弗洛伊德、荣格、武志红\n\n## 目的论：自我/个体心理学\n\n## 每一个现在的很多问题之所以会发生，其实是因为它符合你的某种内在目的\n\n## 阿德勒\n\n![](assets/1641477040976170_Copy_168.png)\n\n### 自卑感\n\n![](assets/1641478593868176_Copy_174.png)\n\n#### 普遍性\n\n每个人都有，广义的不满足感，所以说自卑一定程度上推动人类社会进步的动力\n\n#### 表现\n\n自卑的表现有多种，可以是看起来畏首畏尾、非常害羞；也可能是咋咋呼呼，但可能更加自卑\n\n#### 产生\n\n三个小孩面对狮子，一个躲在妈妈身后，一个吓得脸色苍白却说不可怕，一个想要对它吐口水。\n当我们意识到，自己没有其他事物那么强大的时候，自卑感就会产生\n\n#### 看待自卑\n\n自卑是中性词，只有当一个人产生自卑情结才是贬义词。\n自卑情结就是，感觉自己再怎么努力也没用，这时他会宣称自己有A这个缺点，所以才做不到B，比如说学校差，所以混的不好，因为家里没钱，所以很难发达；有了这个前提就可以顺理成章的把问题放在一边，转而把精力集中在那些鸡毛蒜皮的事情上，去得到优越感，他们在打交道时非常的怯懦，在处理生活中重大事情的时候，毫无信心有强烈的自卑感，但对家务事，却极其强势，对厨房里的锅碗瓢盆摆放吹毛求疵，一旦摆放错误就会大发雷霆。\n![](assets/1641477940211173_Copy_171.png)\n![](assets/1641478205881174_Copy_172.png)\n\n### 行动论：避免与他人的关系中受伤\n\n![](assets/1641478482913175_Copy_173.png)\n符合认知心理学记忆规律\n![](assets/1641478864497177_Copy_175.png)![](assets/1641479050479178_Copy_176.png)\n\n### 人生课题模型\n\n![](assets/1641479243783180_Copy_178.png)\n\n#### 切割人生课题\n\n切割人生课题：用斯多葛哲学二分法来解释\n我们人生中的事情可以分为三类：一类我们完全可以控制，一类我们完全不能控制，还有一类我们既能控制又不能控制，在这里面我们要提炼出我们能控制的部分，而我们所有能控制的部分就是我们自己的人生课题，而那些取决于他人的东西，就是其他人的人生课题。（比如男生向女孩子表白，男生应该100%专注于“自己是否表白”这件事上，而是否接受表白就是女生的人生课题，如果男生特别在意女生是否接受，那么就等于试图干预别人的人生课题，注定会给自己带来烦恼）男生为什么那么在意呢？因为男生没有被讨厌的勇气，希望被其他人接受，实际上是人之长情。\n\n#### 现代社会被讨厌的合理性\n\n在现代社会，我们会接触大量不同的社群体系，比如家人、老师、同学、老板、同事、客户，大家对你的诉求都是不一样的，如果你希望让所有人都满意，那么最终结果就是，你一定会陷入过度承诺，导致自己没有主线，任何一个人只要不认同你的想法，你的闭环就实现不了，所以说自由就是，不再寻求构筑一个这么大的闭环，我们并不需要为了满足别人的期待而活着，当然这句话也可以反过来，别人也不是为了满足你的期待而活着，既然这样子我们要做到的就是切割，把自己的课题和别人的课题分开，一旦能够把自己从大闭环切割出来，你会发行原来幸福安宁来的这么容易，因为你的幸福安宁只需要自己闭环，不再需要绕一个大圈让所有人都满意。\n![](assets/1641480352849181_Copy_179.png)\n\n#### 人生课题的归属：最终后果到底由谁承担\n\n#### 实操性建议\n\n![](assets/1641480602094182_Copy_180.png)\n\n#### 误区\n\n根据熵增定律，讨厌你的人会比喜欢你的人多，但是这种代价并不是希望你从组织中跳出来变成孤家寡人，实际上你就算跳出来也无法实现真正的自由，真正的自由是毫不在意别人的评价，不害怕被别人讨厌，不追求被别人认可，只有付出这些代价，才能够让一个人走上自己的道路，滋养自己的自尊，而这里面有两个误区：阿德勒并不是要大家去故意变成一个讨人厌的人，或者故意去作恶，而是说不要害怕被人讨厌，这是非常关键的差别，他的学说不是让人做一个孤家寡人的学说。\n![](assets/1641480757032183_Copy_181.png)\n\n### 自我与世界的关系\n\n#### 共同体\n\n每个人应该意识到自己是一个更大整体的一部分，阿德勒认为课题切割法必须要与培养共同体感觉相辅相成，只有这样子才能让自己，得到真正的幸福感，一方面别人不管喜欢你还是讨厌你，你都应该按照原则来对待他，正如孔子所说：“以直报怨，以德报德”，就是用公平合理的方式，来回报别人对你的恶行，而用善行回报别人对你的善行。另一方面，因为双方都处于一个共同体里面，所以当双方的对等交换结束的时候，还应该多出一层关系，就是基于共同体产生的联系感，而产生的同理心，这种同理心会产生一种天生的信任感，也就是阿德勒所认为一个心智良好的人，不管被骗多少次，当他遇到一个全新的陌生人的时候，还是应该天然的倾向于信任，而不是倾向于怀疑\n![](assets/1641481730686184_Copy_182.png)\n\n- 敢于信任的勇气\n\n这种敢于信任的勇气，能够消除切割人生课题的孤独感，让一个独立的人，不会变成孤家寡人\n\n## 引用书籍：《自卑与超越》——阿德勒\n\n![](assets/1641477299746172_Copy_170.png)\n\n## 引用书籍：《被讨厌的勇气》——岸见一郎\n\n![](assets/1641479159250179_Copy_177.png)\n\n## 马斯洛需求层次理论\n\n当一群人遭遇海难后，一个人独自漂泊到一个小岛上……\n![](assets/1641482648565185_Copy_183.png)\n\n## 组成\n\n### 自我实现\n\n一个人对于自己的能力，能够得到充分发挥的那种渴望，每个追求的东西差异巨大，但是他们之中却有共同性。如下图：\n![](assets/1641483684802189_Copy_187.png)\n\n#### 对现实的洞察力\n\n对现实的感知力（洞察力），这个人群较少受到愿望、焦虑、恐惧和追求认同的影响，通常会比较少的进入过度乐观或过度悲观，正因为他们的情绪缺陷比较少，所以也能够比普通人更容易看到被隐藏或者混淆的现实真相；\n\n#### 对现实的接受度\n\n接着是对现实的接受度高，这种人能像看待大自然的石头一样，看待自己的缺点，比如贪婪冲动、生物本能给人造成的羞耻的现象，比如排泄、汗臭、月经、衰老、死亡这种现象，他们认为这些东西都是没有什么好回避的正常自然现象之一；\n\n#### 以问题为中心\n\n以问题为中心，这种人通常不是以自我为中心，所以这种人一般不会太过关切自己，也不会很容易自怨自艾，他们的生活中，总是充斥着各种需要完成的任务，需要解决的问题，这些东西会占用他们大量的时间\n\n#### 独处能力\n\n独处能力，这种人通常独处能力也比较强，他们可以长时间离群索居，不会感到不适，而这种情况下，他们通常也更有能力专注做一些大的事情，达成一个大的成果；\n\n#### 幽默感\n\n幽默感，这类人开玩笑跟普通人最大的差别就是，他们通常喜欢拿自己开玩笑，而不是拿别人开玩笑；\n\n#### 认同辩证统一\n\n没有非黑即白，就是几乎所有自我实现者都认同辩证统一这一观点，他们认为世界上相互矛盾的东西是能够相互共存的，比如说一个人可以既理智又疯狂，既自私又无私，既享受节制欲望的乐趣，又享受声色口腹的快乐，既像老人一样成熟，又像小孩一样天真，正如物理学家玻尔说过那样：“正面的反面是谬误，但一种深刻真理的反面很可能是另一种深刻的真理。”\n\n### 自尊\n\n对自身实力和自己面对世界的自信的渴望，对于名誉、地位、荣誉，其他人的赞赏的渴望\n\n### 归属\n\n对社群的需要，对朋友、家人、志同道合的朋友的需要，归属需求的背后是人类强烈的孤独感，性跟性行为有着巨大的区别，性需要是一种纯粹的生理层面的需要，但是性行为不仅是性需求决定，其实还包括了大量的爱和情感的需要，所以人类的性行为和动物的性行为是非常不一样的，他其实属于归属的范围\n\n### 安全\n\n![](assets/1641482968478187_Copy_185.png)\n\n### 生理\n\n![](assets/1641482941459186_Copy_184.png)\n\n## 传播学中的标题点击吸引力\n\n![](assets/1641483085911188_Copy_186.png)\n\n## 积极心理学\n\n研究如何让没有心理疾病的普通人可以过上更有活力，更有创造力，更加发挥自己潜能的生活，但是由于这个学科研究的是如何提高自己的幸福感，所有很多作品被翻译成中文后就显得很俗、很鸡汤，和杂牌畅销书的主题太过融合，就导致这个领域鱼龙混杂\n\n## 两大巨头\n\n### 马丁塞利格曼\n\n积极心理学的开创者\n![](assets/1641537136960190_Copy_188.png)\n\n#### 《真实的幸福》\n\n![](assets/1641537168951191_Copy_189.png)\n\n#### 《活出最乐观的自己》\n\n![](assets/1641537183879192_Copy_190.png)\n\n### 米哈里.切克僧米哈赖\n\n![](assets/1641537290872193_Copy_191.png)\n\n#### 精神熵\n\n物我两忘，伴随着高度的兴奋感和充实感的一种状态\n\n#### 进入心流的条件\n\n![](assets/1641538036417201_Copy_199.png)\n\n- 接受适度的挑战\n\n- 发挥适度的高技能\n\n- 彭凯平教授谈心流\n\n![](assets/1641538130537202_Copy_200.png)\n\n#### 《心流》\n\n![](assets/1641537323851194_Copy_192.png)\n\n## 乔纳森.海特\n\n![](assets/1641537412271195_Copy_193.png)\n\n### 《象与骑象人》\n\n![](assets/1641537427483196_Copy_194.png)\n\n## 本.沙哈尔\n\n![](assets/1641537477664197_Copy_195.png)\n\n### 《哈佛幸福课》（视频）\n\n![](assets/1641537490122198_Copy_196.png)\n\n## 彭凯平\n\n北大心理学系主任——彭凯平\n![](assets/1641537576462199_Copy_197.png)\n\n### 《活出心花怒放的人生》\n\n## 引用：《这才是心理学》——基思.斯坦诺维奇\n" }